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1. BEST FORM OF MAGNESIUM FOR LEG CRAMPS UPDATE
2. BEST FORM OF MAGNESIUM FOR LEG CRAMPS TRIAL
3. BEST FORM OF MAGNESIUM FOR LEG CRAMPS SERIES

The percentage of individuals experiencing a 25% or better reduction in cramp rate from baseline was also no different (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.29 3 studies, 177 participants high-certainty evidence). This includes the primary endpoint, percentage change from baseline in the number of cramps per week at four weeks (mean difference (MD) -9.59%, 95% confidence interval (CI) -23.14% to 3.97% 3 studies, 177 participants moderate-certainty evidence) and the difference in the number of cramps per week at four weeks (MD -0.18 cramps/week, 95% CI -0.84 to 0.49 5 studies, 307 participants moderate-certainty evidence). For idiopathic cramps, largely in older adults (mean age 61.6 to 69.3 years) presumed to have nocturnal leg cramps (the commonest presentation), differences in measures of cramp frequency when comparing magnesium to placebo were small, not statistically significant, and showed minimal heterogeneity (I² = 0% to 12%). In contrast, we rated the risk of bias high in only one of five trials in participants with idiopathic rest cramps.

BEST FORM OF MAGNESIUM FOR LEG CRAMPS TRIAL

We judged the single trial in people with liver cirrhosis and all five trials in participants with pregnancy-associated leg cramps to be at high risk of bias. Nine trials compared magnesium to placebo, one trial compared magnesium to no treatment, calcium carbonate or vitamin B, and another trial compared magnesium to vitamin E or calcium.

BEST FORM OF MAGNESIUM FOR LEG CRAMPS SERIES

All trials provided magnesium as an oral supplement, except for one trial which provided magnesium as a series of slow intravenous infusions. Another study enrolled 29 people with liver cirrhosis, only some of whom suffered muscle cramps. Five trials enrolled women with pregnancy-associated leg cramps (408 participants) and five trials enrolled people with idiopathic cramps (271 participants, with 118 additionally crossed over to control).

We identified 11 trials (nine parallel-group, two cross-over) enrolling a total of 735 individuals, amongst whom 118 cross-over participants additionally served as their own controls. We collected all data on adverse effects from the included RCTs. We attempted to contact all study authors when questions arose and obtained participant-level data for four of the included trials, one of which was unpublished. Two review authors assessed risk of bias. Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion and extracted data. We considered comparisons of magnesium with no treatment, placebo control, or other therapy.

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of magnesium supplementation (in any form) to prevent skeletal muscle cramps in any patient group (i.e. We also searched WHO-ICTRP and for registered trials that might be ongoing or unpublished, and ISI Web of Science for studies citing the studies included in this review. SEARCH METHODS: On 9 September 2019, we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, CINAHL Plus, AMED, and SPORTDiscus. To assess the effects of magnesium supplementation compared to no treatment, placebo control or other cramp therapies in people with skeletal muscle cramps.

BEST FORM OF MAGNESIUM FOR LEG CRAMPS UPDATE

This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2012, and performed to identify and incorporate more recent studies.

Magnesium supplements are marketed for the prophylaxis of cramps but the efficacy of magnesium for this purpose remains unclear. Typically, such cramps have no obvious underlying pathology, and so are termed idiopathic. Skeletal muscle cramps are common and often occur in association with pregnancy, advanced age, exercise or motor neuron disorders (such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).